However, Group DEX showed a decreasing tendency for heart rate over time.

When the difference in hemodynamic changes was examined, there was no statistically significant difference between the 3 groups.

Group KET was administered 0.2 mg/kg for 10 minutes, and then received a continuous infusion at 0.5 mg/kg/hr. Group DEX was administered h 1 µg/kg for 10 minutes, and then received a continuous infusion at 0.6 µg/kg/hr. Group NS was administered 10 ml of normal saline for 10 minutes, and then received a continuous infusion at 5 ml/hr. For recovery of the motor nerves, the motor regression time at a Bromage score of 4 modified by Breen et al. After the patient was put in the supine position, a pin-prick test was performed every 2 minutes to record the time and level of highest sensory block, and 1 hour after spinal anesthesia, the pin-prick test was performed every 10 minutes to record the time taken for sensory regression of the two dermatomes. Spinal anesthesia was performed by injecting 10 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with a 25 G Whitacre needle (Becton-Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) between L4-5. Then, the patient was put in the supine position again, and continuous infusion was started after completing the administration of the loading dose. From here, the loading dose according to each group was administered for 10 minutes, and spinal anesthesia was completed while the loading dose was being administered. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured in the supine position and then the patient was immediately put in the right lateral position. Thirty patients were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group was administered normal saline (Group NS) and another group was administered dexmedetomidine (Group DEX) while the other group ketamine (Group KET). There was no premedication and after arriving in the operating room, vital signs were monitored with electrocardiogram, non-invasive blood pressure, and SpO 2. This study compared the maximum anesthesia level, its onset time, time taken for sensory recovery, time taken for recovery of a certain degree of motor function, and hemodynamic changes when dexmedetomidine and ketamine were IV injected separately during spinal anesthesia using bupivacaine. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker, also has an anesthetic effect when injected into the intrathecal and a synergic effect with bupivacaine. Some methods such as selective α-2 agonist clonidine, local anesthesia, and vasoconstrictors are known to be effective, and it was also shown that dexmedetomidine, a stronger selective α-2 agonist than clonidine, has a similar effect. In general anesthesia, it is convenient to administer continuous anesthetic and additional injections of muscle relaxant however, due to the characteristics of spinal anesthesia in which an additional approach is not easy, various studies have been conducted to extend the duration time. Spinal anesthesia is widely used because it has many advantages compared to general anesthesia, such as dulling of the stress response, reduced amount of blood loss, low cost, and decreased morbidity and mortality rates in high risk patients.

Precedex drip